This work analyses the external migration policy of the European Union and its Member States in the Mediterranean area, focusing on policies, instruments and practices of cooperation on readmission. In particular, the purpose of this study is to critically analyse European and bilateral readmission policies by examining the increasing use of informal quasi-legal and policy instruments of cooperation, as well as the effects that the use of such instruments may have in terms of limiting or violating migrants’ human rights. This research aims to investigate whether there has been a shift towards ‘informalisation’ in cooperation on readmission in the Mediterranean area both at European and bilateral level, and if so, what are the features of this ‘informalisation’ process and its implications on migrants’ human rights. Firstly, I examine the development and main features of cooperation on readmission at the European level, focusing on its two main instruments, i.e. European readmission agreements and Mobility Partnerships. Secondly, I investigate cooperation on readmission at the bilateral level, focusing on three case studies in the framework of Euro-Mediterranean relations (i.e. migration cooperation between Italy and Libya, Spain and Morocco, Greece and Turkey). This analysis demonstrates the existence of a process of ‘multi-level informalisation’ of cooperation on readmission, which has clearly emerged not only at the bilateral level but also at the European level, with the recent adoption of broader and more informal frameworks of cooperation. Finally, this work analyses how informal modalities of cooperation on readmission at both levels may impact on the ‘asylum-related human rights’ of migrants (i.e. the principle of non-refoulement, the right to seek asylum, the prohibition of collective expulsion, the right to an effective remedy), limiting their possibility to access protection.
Questo lavoro analizza la ‘dimensione esterna’ delle politiche migratorie dell’Unione Europea e dei suoi Stati membri concentrandosi su strumenti, politiche e pratiche di cooperazione internazionale in materia di riammissione, rimpatrio e partenariato per la mobilità con Paesi terzi nell’area mediterranea. In particolare, lo scopo di questo studio è di analizzare criticamente le politiche europee e bilaterali in materia di riammissione, indagando da un lato il crescente ricorso a strumenti di cooperazione internazionale di tipo informale e di natura quasi-giuridica o politica, e dall’altro l’impatto di tali strumenti sul rispetto degli standard internazionali e sovranazionali di tutela dei diritti umani di soggetti migranti e richiedenti protezione internazionale. Questa ricerca intende esaminare se è possibile identificare un processo di ‘informalizzazione’ nella cooperazione internazionale in materia di riammissione nell’area mediterranea sia a livello europeo che a livello bilaterale e, in caso affermativo, quali sono le caratteristiche di questo processo e le sue implicazioni per la tutela dei diritti umani dei soggetti migranti. Il lavoro esamina, in primo luogo, lo sviluppo e le caratteristiche principali della cooperazione in materia di riammissione a livello europeo, concentrandosi sui suoi due strumenti principali: gli accordi di riammissione europei e i partenariati per la mobilità. In secondo luogo, viene esaminata la cooperazione in materia di riammissione a livello bilaterale, e in particolare tre casi studio nell’ambito delle relazioni euro-mediterranee (ovvero la cooperazione tra Italia e Libia, Spagna e Marocco, e Grecia e Turchia). Questa duplice analisi dimostra l’esistenza di un processo di ‘informalizzazione multi-livello’ della cooperazione internazionale in materia di riammissione, processo che emerge chiaramente non solo a livello bilaterale, ma anche a livello europeo, con la recente adozione di strumenti e sistemi di cooperazione più ampi e informali. Infine, questo lavoro analizza come il ricorso a modalità informali di cooperazione in materia di riammissione ad entrambi i livelli possa incidere negativamente sui ‘diritti umani legati all’asilo’ dei soggetti migranti (ovvero il principio di non-refoulement, il diritto di cercare asilo, il divieto di espulsioni collettive, e il diritto ad un ricorso effettivo), limitando la loro possibilità di ottenere protezione.
Roman, E.Cooperation on Readmission in the Mediterranean Area and its Human Rights Implications.
Cooperation on Readmission in the Mediterranean Area and its Human Rights Implications
Roman, Emanuela
Abstract
This work analyses the external migration policy of the European Union and its Member States in the Mediterranean area, focusing on policies, instruments and practices of cooperation on readmission. In particular, the purpose of this study is to critically analyse European and bilateral readmission policies by examining the increasing use of informal quasi-legal and policy instruments of cooperation, as well as the effects that the use of such instruments may have in terms of limiting or violating migrants’ human rights. This research aims to investigate whether there has been a shift towards ‘informalisation’ in cooperation on readmission in the Mediterranean area both at European and bilateral level, and if so, what are the features of this ‘informalisation’ process and its implications on migrants’ human rights. Firstly, I examine the development and main features of cooperation on readmission at the European level, focusing on its two main instruments, i.e. European readmission agreements and Mobility Partnerships. Secondly, I investigate cooperation on readmission at the bilateral level, focusing on three case studies in the framework of Euro-Mediterranean relations (i.e. migration cooperation between Italy and Libya, Spain and Morocco, Greece and Turkey). This analysis demonstrates the existence of a process of ‘multi-level informalisation’ of cooperation on readmission, which has clearly emerged not only at the bilateral level but also at the European level, with the recent adoption of broader and more informal frameworks of cooperation. Finally, this work analyses how informal modalities of cooperation on readmission at both levels may impact on the ‘asylum-related human rights’ of migrants (i.e. the principle of non-refoulement, the right to seek asylum, the prohibition of collective expulsion, the right to an effective remedy), limiting their possibility to access protection.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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