Under favourable conditions, the avocado sets more fruits than the tree is able to bring to maturity, so that the plant adjusts, during the early stages of development, its ability to nourish them by modifying their number, that is, causing the fruit drop of those who can not maintain their growth rate. Accordingly, carbohydrate availability could be a key factor in the physiological abscission of these fruits. Since this species presents dichogamy, the abscission of fruits has also been attributed to the absence of pollination, but at the same time it has been related to failures in seed development, embryo abortion, seed coat collapse, and with the effect of an environmental stress, especially by cold or heat. In order to demonstrate if in avocado the competition between flowers is responsible for fruit set and initial development of the fruit, it has been determined the influence of the flowering intensity in the time course of carbohydrate and hormonal content, in the rate of fruits abscission and its evolution, and finally, on percentage of fruits set. For this purpose experiments have been designed in order to: 1) reduce flowering, and with it the competition between flowers, 2) reduce vegetative growth, and 3) promote fruit set. The experiments were carried out in commercial orchards of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) cv. Hass (group A flowering), located in Torrent and Llaurí (Valencia), Spain, and in Caronia Marina (Messina), Italy. Adult trees (5-8 years), planted at a distance of 5 x 6 m. In all of them there were cv. Fuerte (flowering group B) to ensure pollination. The results showed that gibberellic acid applied during the floral bud inductive period delayed sprouting, reduced the number of flowers per panicle, increased apical shoot length, and delayed fruitlet abscission. Gibberellic acid applied at anthesis enhanced fruit set and delayed fruitlet abscission. It correlated with an immediate and temporary increase of GA1, IAA and tZ content. But the GA1 immeditely derived in its catabolite GA8. Since IAA synthesis precedes fruit set and tZ increasing content, the possibility that fertilization triggers the tZ synthesis mediated by auxin cannot be discarded. Gibberellic acid applied at the beginning of fruit set also, temporarily, increased the endogenous concentration of GA1 and GA8, As well as the number of fruits that initiated the development and delayed their abscission. Paclobutrazol applied at anthesis reduced the growth of the terminal shoot y anticipated flowers abscission, but did not affect initial fruit set. In no case it was possible to increase the total number of fruits per panicle, so that the competition between developing organs is not the cause of the lack of fruit set in this species.
In condizioni favorevoli, l’avocado riesce ad allegare più frutti di quelli che l’albero è capace di portare a maturazione, in queste condizioni la pianta modifica, durante le prime fasi di sviluppo, la sua capacità di nutrirli modificando il numero, provocando la cascola di quelli che non posso mantenere il ritmo di crescita. Di conseguenza, la disponibilità di carboidrati potrebbe essere un fattore chiave per quanto riguarda la cascola dei frutti. Dato che questa specie presenta la dicogamia, l’abscissione dei frutti si è attribuita anche all’assenza di impollinazione, però allo stesso tempo si è relazionata a problemi riguardo lo sviluppo del seme, aborto dell’embrione, collasso della coperta seminale, e per effetto dello stress ambientale, specialmente per calore e freddo. Con il fine di dimostrare se nell’avocado la competizione tra fiori è responsabile dell’allegagione e dello sviluppo iniziale dei frutti, abbiamo determinato: l’influenza dell’intensità di fioritura sull’evoluzione del contenuto dei carboidrati e ormoni, nel ritmo di abscissione dei frutti e la sua evoluzione, e in fine, sulla percentuale di frutti allegati. Per fare tutto ciò, abbiamo disegnato diversi esperimenti in modo da: 1) ridurre la fioritura, e con questa la competizione tra fiori, 2) ridurre lo sviluppo vegetativo, e 3) promuovere l’allegagione dei frutti. Gli esperimenti sono stati effettuati presso frutteti commerciali di avocado (Persea americana Mill.) cv. Hass (gruppo A della fioritura), siti in Torrent e Llaurí (Valencia), Spagna, e in Caronia Marina (Messina), Italia. Sono stati presi in considerazione alberi adulti (5-8 anni di età), piantati a una distanza di 5 x 6 m. In tutti i frutteti erano presenti alberi della cv. Fuerte (gruppo B della fioritura) per assicurare l’impollinazione. I risultati dimostrano che applicando acido gibberellico durante il periodo di induzione fiorale si ha avuto un ritardo del germogliamento, riduzione del numero di fiori in ciascuna pannocchia, incremento dello sviluppo del germoglio apicale, e ritardo dell’abscissione fisiologica dei frutticini. L’applicazione di acido gibberellico durante l’antesi ha migliorato l’allegagione e ha ritardato l’abscissione dei frutticini. Ciò è correlato a un immediato e temporaneo incremento del contenuto di GA1, IAA e tZ. Ma GA1 derivò immediatamente nel suo catabolite GA8. Dal momento che la sintesi di IAA precede l’allegagione e ilcrescente aumento del contenuto di tZ, la possibilità che la fecondazione innescherebbe la sintesi di tZ mediata dall’auxina non può essere scartata. L’applicazione di acido gibberellico all’inizio dell’allegagione, anche in questo caso ha aumentato temporaneamente, la concentrazione endogena di GA1 e GA8, così come il numero di frutti che iniziano lo sviluppo, e ha ritardato l’abscissione di quest’ultimi. L’applicazione di paclobutrazol durante l’antesi ha ridotto la crescita del germoglio terminale e ha anticipato l’abscissione dei fiori, ma non ha influenzato l’allegagione iniziale. In nessun caso si è riusciti ad aumentare il numero totale dei frutti per pannocchia, ciò significa che la competizione tra organi in via di sviluppo non è la causa della mancata allegagione in questa specie.
D'Asaro, A.NUTRITIONAL AND HORMONAL FACTORS AFFECTING FRUIT SET IN AVOCADO (Persea americana Mill.).
NUTRITIONAL AND HORMONAL FACTORS AFFECTING FRUIT SET IN AVOCADO (Persea americana Mill.)
D'Asaro, Antonio
Abstract
Under favourable conditions, the avocado sets more fruits than the tree is able to bring to maturity, so that the plant adjusts, during the early stages of development, its ability to nourish them by modifying their number, that is, causing the fruit drop of those who can not maintain their growth rate. Accordingly, carbohydrate availability could be a key factor in the physiological abscission of these fruits. Since this species presents dichogamy, the abscission of fruits has also been attributed to the absence of pollination, but at the same time it has been related to failures in seed development, embryo abortion, seed coat collapse, and with the effect of an environmental stress, especially by cold or heat. In order to demonstrate if in avocado the competition between flowers is responsible for fruit set and initial development of the fruit, it has been determined the influence of the flowering intensity in the time course of carbohydrate and hormonal content, in the rate of fruits abscission and its evolution, and finally, on percentage of fruits set. For this purpose experiments have been designed in order to: 1) reduce flowering, and with it the competition between flowers, 2) reduce vegetative growth, and 3) promote fruit set. The experiments were carried out in commercial orchards of avocado (Persea americana Mill.) cv. Hass (group A flowering), located in Torrent and Llaurí (Valencia), Spain, and in Caronia Marina (Messina), Italy. Adult trees (5-8 years), planted at a distance of 5 x 6 m. In all of them there were cv. Fuerte (flowering group B) to ensure pollination. The results showed that gibberellic acid applied during the floral bud inductive period delayed sprouting, reduced the number of flowers per panicle, increased apical shoot length, and delayed fruitlet abscission. Gibberellic acid applied at anthesis enhanced fruit set and delayed fruitlet abscission. It correlated with an immediate and temporary increase of GA1, IAA and tZ content. But the GA1 immeditely derived in its catabolite GA8. Since IAA synthesis precedes fruit set and tZ increasing content, the possibility that fertilization triggers the tZ synthesis mediated by auxin cannot be discarded. Gibberellic acid applied at the beginning of fruit set also, temporarily, increased the endogenous concentration of GA1 and GA8, As well as the number of fruits that initiated the development and delayed their abscission. Paclobutrazol applied at anthesis reduced the growth of the terminal shoot y anticipated flowers abscission, but did not affect initial fruit set. In no case it was possible to increase the total number of fruits per panicle, so that the competition between developing organs is not the cause of the lack of fruit set in this species.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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