The Sicilian cattle, sheep and goat breeds and their dairy products are an important source for the economy of the livestock sector. In particular, the economic importance of sheep and goat milk lies for the first one in the processing into dairy products and for the second one in the drinking milk production. For both these species, the role of fat and protein content is as important as the amount of milk yield. The identification of genes responsible for quantitative and qualitative characteristics of small ruminant milk could increase the efficiency of genetic improvement and consider new objectives such as the production of milk with good nutritional properties. The aims of this work were: i) To provide new data to better understand the influence of polymorphism genetic of casein on fatty acid profile of milk in Girgentana goat breed; ii) To determine the fatty acid profile in Valle del Belice sheep breed; iii) To verify a possible association, statistical significant, between FA composition and polymorphisms in ovine ACACA gene, encoding an enzyme directly involved in fatty acid metabolism. In Chapter 2, the association between genetic polymorphism of casein loci and fatty acid profile of milk of Girgentana goat was investigated. One hundred lactating Girgentana goats, homogeneous for milk production and days of lactation were used. The procedure was developed using individual raw milk samples, collected in three different stages of lactation, October, February and June, from individuals with known genotypes at casein loci. The determination of the fatty acid profile was performed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The statistical analysis showed an interesting association between the polymorphisms at κ-casein and the concentration of long-chain fatty acids, in particular C18:0 (stearic acid), C18:01 (oleic acid), C18:03 (linoleic acid), and C20:0 (arachic acid) which are potentially involved as positive factors in human health. In Chapter 3, the fatty acid composition of Valle del Belice sheep milk was determined providing, for the first time, data on fatty acid profile for this Sicilian breed. In this study, the milk fat separation was obtained with a rapid method reliable and simple which allowed us to analyze a large number of samples. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer detector (GC-MS) to achieve more accurate peak identification and a novel fused capillary gas chromatography, the ionic liquid SLB-IL111 column, was used. More than 400 samples of milk fat were processed. Saturated, cis-monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were present at 4.20%, 1.05%, and 0.42% of total fat, respectively. Good resolution of all fatty acids commonly found in milk sample was achieved. In Chapter 4, a study of association between fatty acid profile of Valle del Belice sheep milk and polymorphisms within Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACACA) gene was carried out. In order to reduce the costs of the typical sequencing of a large number of DNA samples, the selective genotyping approach was used. Only those individuals with extreme phenotypic values were genotyped. In this way, two extreme groups of 16 animals were chosen considering the mean level of each fatty acid ± 2 standard deviations. Seven exons of the ACACA gene were sequenced and 19 polymorphic sites were identified. The association analysis with fat content performed for all SNPs showed the correlation between two different SNPs and the concentration of three fatty acids: caproic acid (C6:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), and linoleic acid (C18:2n6c). The obtained results showed an increased concentration of C6:0 and C16:1 associated with T allele of SNP1. As regards the SNP3, allele T determined an increased concentration of C6:0, whereas allele C an increased concentration of C16:1. The concentration of C18:2 decreases when homozygote genotype is present and increased with heterozygote genotype. These results confirm the influence of ACACA gene, an ovine candidate gene potentially controlling milk fat trait, on fatty acid synthesis in the mammary gland.
In Sicilia, le razze bovine, ovine e caprine e le produzioni lattiero-casearie rappresentano una risorsa importante per l’economia del settore zootecnico. L’importanza economica del latte ovino e caprino è soprattutto legata per il primo alla sua trasformazione in prodotti lattiero-caseari, per il secondo al possibile utilisso per il consumo fresco. Per entrambe queste specie, il contenuto di grasso e proteine è importante tanto quanto la produzione di latte. L’individuazione dei geni responsabili delle caratteristiche quanti-qualitative del latte dei piccoli ruminanti permetterebbe quindi di aumentare l’efficienza del miglioramento genetico e di considerare nuovi obiettivi di selezione come le caratteristiche nutrizionali del latte. Gli scopi di questo lavoro sono stati: i) Fornire nuovi dati per meglio comprendere l’influenza dei polimorfismi genetici delle caseine sul profilo acidico del latte di capra di razza Girgentana. ii) Determinare la composizione in acidi grassi del latte di pecora di razza Valle del Belice; iii) Verificare possibili associazioni statisticamente significative tra il profilo acidico del latte di pecora Valle del Belice e il gene ACACA, che codifica un enzima direttamente coinvolto nel metabolismo lipidico. Nel Capitolo 2, è stato condotto uno studio di associazione tra i polimorfismi genetici delle caseine ed il profilo acidico del latte di capra Girgentana. Cento capre in lattazione, omogenee per produzione di latte e giorno di lattazione sono state oggetto di studio. Campioni di latte individuale crudo sono stati prelevati in tre diversi periodi di lattazione (Ottobre, Febbraio e Giugno) da animali con genotipo noto ai loci caseinici. La determinazione del profilo acidico è stata effettuata in gas-cromatografia con rivelatore di fiamma (GC-FID). L’analisi statistica ha mostrato un’interessante associazione tra i polimorfismi della κ-caseina e la concentrazione di quattro acidi a lunga catena, C18:0 (acido stearico), C18:01 (acido oleico), C18:03 (acido linoleico) e C20:0 (acido arachico), i quali sono considerati potenziali fattori positivi per la salute umana. Nel Capitolo 3, è stata determinata la composizione in acidi grassi del latte di pecora Valle del Belice, fornendo, per la prima volta, i dati sul profilo acidico del latte di questa razza siciliana. In questo studio, la separazione del grasso del latte è stata ottenuta con un metodo rapido, semplice e affidabile, che ha permesso di analizzare un gran numero di campioni. Gli esteri metilici degli acidi grassi (FAMEs) sono stati determinati con un gas-cromatografo (GC) dotato di rivelatore di massa (MS) per ottenere una migliore identificazione dei picchi ed è stata usata una colonna capillare, la SLB-IL111, dotata di fase stazionaria liquida ionica. Sono stati analizzati più di 400 campioni di latte. I grassi saturi, cis-monoinsaturi, e polinsaturi sono all’incirca il 4.20%, l’ 1.05% e lo 0.42% del grasso totale, rispettivamente. Una buona risoluzione di tutti gli acidi grassi che si trovano comunemente nei campioni di latte è stata cosi ottenuta. Nel Capitolo 4, è stata effettuato uno studio di associazione tra il profilo degli acidi grassi del latte di pecora Valle del Belice ed i polimorfismi presenti all’interno del gene Acetil-CoA carbossilasi (ACACA). Al fine di ridurre i costi tipici del sequenziamento di un gran numero di campioni di DNA, è stata eseguita una genotipizzazione selettiva. Sono stati genotipizzati, cioè, solo gli animali che presentavano valori fenotipici estremi per il carattere quantitativo considerato. Nel nostro caso sono stati scelti due gruppi estremi di 16 animali tenendo conto del livello medio di ciascun acido grasso ± 2 deviazioni standard. Sette esoni del gene ACACA sono stati sequenziati e 19 siti polimorfici sono stati identificati. L’analisi di associazione del carattere quantitativo eseguita per tutti gli SNPs ha mostrato la correlazione tra due SNPs differenti e la concentrazione di tre acidi grassi: l’acido caproico (C6:0), l’acido palmitoleico (C16:1) e l’acido linoleico (C18:2n6c). I risultati ottenuti hanno mostrato un’incrementata concentrazione degli acidi grassi C6:0 e C16:1 in corrispondenza dell’allele T dello SNP1. Per quanto riguarda lo SNP3, l’allele T ha determinato un aumento della concentrazione del C6:0, mentre l’allele C un incremento della concentrazione del C16:1. La concentrazione del C18:2 diminuisce quando è presente il genotipo omozigote e aumenta con i genotipi eterozigoti. Questi risultati confermano l’influenza del gene ACACA, un gene ovino potenzialmente candidato per il controllo del grasso nel latte, sul processo di sintesi degli acidi grassi che avviene nella ghiandola mammaria.
Segreto, .STUDY OF FATTY ACIDS PROFILE IN OVINE AND CAPRINE SICILIAN DAIRY BREED AND ASSOCIATION WITH POSSIBLE CANDIDATE GENES.
STUDY OF FATTY ACIDS PROFILE IN OVINE AND CAPRINE SICILIAN DAIRY BREED AND ASSOCIATION WITH POSSIBLE CANDIDATE GENES
SEGRETO, Roberta
Abstract
The Sicilian cattle, sheep and goat breeds and their dairy products are an important source for the economy of the livestock sector. In particular, the economic importance of sheep and goat milk lies for the first one in the processing into dairy products and for the second one in the drinking milk production. For both these species, the role of fat and protein content is as important as the amount of milk yield. The identification of genes responsible for quantitative and qualitative characteristics of small ruminant milk could increase the efficiency of genetic improvement and consider new objectives such as the production of milk with good nutritional properties. The aims of this work were: i) To provide new data to better understand the influence of polymorphism genetic of casein on fatty acid profile of milk in Girgentana goat breed; ii) To determine the fatty acid profile in Valle del Belice sheep breed; iii) To verify a possible association, statistical significant, between FA composition and polymorphisms in ovine ACACA gene, encoding an enzyme directly involved in fatty acid metabolism. In Chapter 2, the association between genetic polymorphism of casein loci and fatty acid profile of milk of Girgentana goat was investigated. One hundred lactating Girgentana goats, homogeneous for milk production and days of lactation were used. The procedure was developed using individual raw milk samples, collected in three different stages of lactation, October, February and June, from individuals with known genotypes at casein loci. The determination of the fatty acid profile was performed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The statistical analysis showed an interesting association between the polymorphisms at κ-casein and the concentration of long-chain fatty acids, in particular C18:0 (stearic acid), C18:01 (oleic acid), C18:03 (linoleic acid), and C20:0 (arachic acid) which are potentially involved as positive factors in human health. In Chapter 3, the fatty acid composition of Valle del Belice sheep milk was determined providing, for the first time, data on fatty acid profile for this Sicilian breed. In this study, the milk fat separation was obtained with a rapid method reliable and simple which allowed us to analyze a large number of samples. The fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) were determined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer detector (GC-MS) to achieve more accurate peak identification and a novel fused capillary gas chromatography, the ionic liquid SLB-IL111 column, was used. More than 400 samples of milk fat were processed. Saturated, cis-monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were present at 4.20%, 1.05%, and 0.42% of total fat, respectively. Good resolution of all fatty acids commonly found in milk sample was achieved. In Chapter 4, a study of association between fatty acid profile of Valle del Belice sheep milk and polymorphisms within Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACACA) gene was carried out. In order to reduce the costs of the typical sequencing of a large number of DNA samples, the selective genotyping approach was used. Only those individuals with extreme phenotypic values were genotyped. In this way, two extreme groups of 16 animals were chosen considering the mean level of each fatty acid ± 2 standard deviations. Seven exons of the ACACA gene were sequenced and 19 polymorphic sites were identified. The association analysis with fat content performed for all SNPs showed the correlation between two different SNPs and the concentration of three fatty acids: caproic acid (C6:0), palmitoleic acid (C16:1), and linoleic acid (C18:2n6c). The obtained results showed an increased concentration of C6:0 and C16:1 associated with T allele of SNP1. As regards the SNP3, allele T determined an increased concentration of C6:0, whereas allele C an increased concentration of C16:1. The concentration of C18:2 decreases when homozygote genotype is present and increased with heterozygote genotype. These results confirm the influence of ACACA gene, an ovine candidate gene potentially controlling milk fat trait, on fatty acid synthesis in the mammary gland.File | Dimensione | Formato | |
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