Transmission of drug-resistant HIV type 1 strains in HAART-naive patients: a 5-year retrospective study in Sicily, Italy.

The transmission of drug-resistant HIV-1 strains might compromise the efficacy of current first-line antiretroviral (ARV) regimens. Between 2004 and 2008, HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease (PR) genes of 108 ARVnaive Sicilian patients were amplified and sequenced to describe the prevalence of ARV resistance mutations among HAART-naive HIV-1-infected individuals. The frequency of transmitted drug resistance mutations (DRAMs) was determined by using genotypic interpretation algorithms. The proportion of HAART-naive HIV- 1-infected patients in Sicily increased from 18.4% to 23.5% during 2004–2008. Among naive patients, the overall prevalence of DRAMs was 15.7% [17/108; 95% CI: 9.4–24.0]. DRAMs to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nNRTI) were detected most frequently [11/108 (10.2%)], of which K103N was the most prevalent (4.6%), whereas the prevalence of DRAMs was lowest for protease inhibitors (PI) [3/108 (2.8%)]. Drug resistance substitutions associated with two or three drug classes were rarely observed. The prevalence of HIV-1 DRAMs in Sicily was relatively higher than that observed in Italy and other European geographic areas and much higher than in resource-limited countries. However, the possible clinical role played by DRAMs in HAART-naive HIV- 1-infected individuals will require further assessment.