In the course of the 18th century, church facades with curvilinear shapes were designed and built in Sicily. Convex and concave shapes, positioned in the central portion of the facade, made these structures similar to apses. Choices of an esthetic nature initially triggered emulation of models that spread in the second half of the 17th century in Sicily based on engravings reproducing the inflexed facades created by the masters of Roman Baroque. So far, interest in these models appeared to be the most relevant interpretation in explaining the design trends of the major architects operating in the 18th century in Sicily. However, it seems plausible to surmise that the preference for the curved facades derived, in some specific cases, from a reflection focused on the strength of these structures especially if subjected to the action of earthquakes, which were violent and frequent in the island from the Middle Ages and throughout the Modern period. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the static efficiency of facades with a curvilinear shape, which was probably recognized by designers as being among the factors that contributed to determining the stability of buildings. We will seek to understand whether behind the esthetic and formal reasons there was also a debate focused on the structural advantages offered by this type of façade, thus influencing the design of the reconstruction projects. In this context, Giovanni Amico, Giovanbattista Vaccarini, and Rosario Gagliardi imposed facades with a concave-convex pattern on Sicilian construction sites in the 18th century, an interest that was shared by the three Sicilian architects, as demonstrated by archival sources. Obviously, Sicilian architects of the early 18th century were well aware of the extraordinary fact that some apses (like the Norman apses of the Cathedral in Catania) had survived unscathed more or less catastrophic earthquakes that hit Sicily in the Modern period (1542, 1693 and 1726). The observation of these structures still standing against a backdrop of rubble in the aftermath of the earthquake had an impact on those who were to design new monumental and lasting edifices in an area at risk of earthquakes. The documents discovered and the constructions realized in Sicily prove that the assumption, never actually codified, according to which the architectural form was able to cooperate actively in seismic safety was a part of the body of building knowledge shared by generations of architects and masters of the Modern period who worked throughout the island. Some eyewitnesses of earthquakes realized that history had an essential “functional” role and that the surviving works were an invaluable heritage, related to both the technical and formal aspects of the constructions, to be recovered and optimized for anti-seismic purposes in future works. Sicilian architects and master builders of the 18th century knew the concept of the so-called "crossbow" effect, which is namely the rotary force exerted on facades by the multiplication of the thrusts of internal longitudinal arches, amplified during earthquakes, making them overturn and collapse, as shown by the famous document that rejected the plan for the new facade of the Cathedral of Modica (1761). Likewise this effect however was of interest for the apses built on the opposite side of the facades. They were structures that, as mentioned, were sometimes left unscathed thanks to their particular curvilinear geometry. Many Sicilian apse-shaped facades of the 18th century were built on pre-existing edifices that had been hit by an earthquake to a greater or lesser extent, concealing the link between the earthquake and the design of these structures with regard to the consideration of what had survived in general, to its building quality and materials. The research conducted by Rosario Gagliardi and his followers in the field of inflexed facades is the clearest evidence of the hypotheses hitherto made through the development of plans, which, based on the engraved models already known to historiography, probably leverage the formal peculiarities as further anti-seismic resources.

Nel corso del Settecento vennero progettate e costruite in Sicilia facciate chiesastiche caratterizzate da conformazioni curvilinee. Forme convesse e concave, posizionate in corrispondenza del partito centrale della facciata rendono queste strutture assimilabili alle absidi. Scelte di natura estetica hanno inizialmente innescato fenomeni emulativi sulla base della ricezione dei modelli diffusi dalla seconda metà del Seicento in Sicilia dalle incisioni riproducenti le facciate inflesse prodotte dai maestri del Barocco romano. Finora l'interesse verso questi modelli è apparso lo schema interpretativo più pertinente per spiegare gli indirizzi progettuali dei maggiori artefici operanti nel Settecento in Sicilia. Sembra però plausibile ipotizzare che la preferenza per le facciate sinuose derivi, in alcuni casi particolari, anche da una riflessione incentrata sulla potenza di queste strutture soprattutto se sottoposte all’azione dei terremoti, violenti e frequenti nell’isola dal Medioevo e per tutta l’età moderna. Obiettivo di questo studio è dimostrare l’efficienza statica delle facciate con andamento curvilineo, una forma probabilmente riconosciuta dai progettisti tra gli elementi che concorrono a determinare la stabilità degli edifici. Si cercherà di capire se dietro ragioni di carattere estetico e di linguaggio si cela anche un dibattito incentrato sui vantaggi strutturali offerti da questa tipologia di facciata, in grado di condizionare le forme e i progetti della ricostruzione. In questo contesto Giovanni Amico, Giovanbattista Vaccarini e Rosario Gagliardi hanno di fatto imposto al cantiere siciliano del Settecento facciate dall’andamento concavo-convesso, un interesse che si è rivelato comune ai tre architetti siciliani, come dimostrano le fonti d’archivio. Non deve essere infatti sfuggito agli architetti siciliani del primo Settecento il fatto eccezionale che alcune absidi (come quelle normanne della cattedrale di Catania) avessero superato indenni più o meno catastrofici eventi sismici subiti dall’isola nel corso dell’età moderna (1542, 1693, 1726). L’osservazione di queste strutture ancora elevate in un contesto di macerie all’indomani del terremoto avrà avuto un certo impatto per chi si apprestava a progettare nuove fabbriche monumentali e durature in un territorio a rischio sismico. La documentazione emersa e quanto prodotto nella storia costruttiva siciliana permettono di dimostrare che l'assunto, di fatto mai codificato, secondo cui la forma architettonica fosse in grado di cooperare attivamente alla sicurezza sismica rientrasse tra i saperi costruttivi di generazioni di architetti e di maestri d'età moderna attivi in tutto il territorio isolano. Taluni testimoni oculari di terremoti riconoscevano alla storia un fondamentale ruolo “operativo” e, nelle opere superstiti, una preziosa eredità, riferita agli aspetti tecnici ma anche formali della costruzione, da recuperare e ottimizzare in senso antisismico nelle opere future. Gli architetti e i maestri costruttori siciliani del Settecento conoscevano il concetto di effetto “balestra”, ovvero la rotazione impressa sulle facciate dalla moltiplicazione delle spinte delle arcate longitudinali interne, amplificate in occasione di terremoto, che ne provocava il ribaltamento e il collasso, come si evince dal noto documento di censura alla proposta per la nuova facciata del duomo di Modica (1761). Questo effetto però interessava per simmetria le absidi, collocate cioè dalla parte opposta delle facciate, strutture che invece, come ricordato, rimanevano talvolta illese grazie alla particolare geometria curvilinea adottata. Molte facciate “absidate” del Settecento siciliano nascono su fabbriche preesistenti e più o meno pregiudicate dalla catastrofe sismica, celando la dipendenza tra il terremoto e la progettazione di queste strutture in rapporto alla valutazione su quanto era in generale sopravvissuto, sulla sua qualità costruttiva e materiale. La ricerca di Rosario Gagliardi e dei suoi epigoni nel campo delle facciate inflesse è la più eloquente dimostrazione delle ipotesi finora espresse attraverso l’elaborazione di progetti che, a partire da noti modelli incisi già individuati dalla storiografia, probabilmente ne sfruttano le peculiarità formali come ulteriori risorse in senso antisismico.

Sutera, D. (2015). L’abside in facciata: soluzioni “antisismiche” del XVIII secolo in Sicilia. In L’ABSIDE. Costruzione e geometrie (pp.287-301). Palermo : Edizioni Caracol [10.17401/ABSIDE-SUTERA].

L’abside in facciata: soluzioni “antisismiche” del XVIII secolo in Sicilia

SUTERA, Domenica
2015-01-01

Abstract

In the course of the 18th century, church facades with curvilinear shapes were designed and built in Sicily. Convex and concave shapes, positioned in the central portion of the facade, made these structures similar to apses. Choices of an esthetic nature initially triggered emulation of models that spread in the second half of the 17th century in Sicily based on engravings reproducing the inflexed facades created by the masters of Roman Baroque. So far, interest in these models appeared to be the most relevant interpretation in explaining the design trends of the major architects operating in the 18th century in Sicily. However, it seems plausible to surmise that the preference for the curved facades derived, in some specific cases, from a reflection focused on the strength of these structures especially if subjected to the action of earthquakes, which were violent and frequent in the island from the Middle Ages and throughout the Modern period. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the static efficiency of facades with a curvilinear shape, which was probably recognized by designers as being among the factors that contributed to determining the stability of buildings. We will seek to understand whether behind the esthetic and formal reasons there was also a debate focused on the structural advantages offered by this type of façade, thus influencing the design of the reconstruction projects. In this context, Giovanni Amico, Giovanbattista Vaccarini, and Rosario Gagliardi imposed facades with a concave-convex pattern on Sicilian construction sites in the 18th century, an interest that was shared by the three Sicilian architects, as demonstrated by archival sources. Obviously, Sicilian architects of the early 18th century were well aware of the extraordinary fact that some apses (like the Norman apses of the Cathedral in Catania) had survived unscathed more or less catastrophic earthquakes that hit Sicily in the Modern period (1542, 1693 and 1726). The observation of these structures still standing against a backdrop of rubble in the aftermath of the earthquake had an impact on those who were to design new monumental and lasting edifices in an area at risk of earthquakes. The documents discovered and the constructions realized in Sicily prove that the assumption, never actually codified, according to which the architectural form was able to cooperate actively in seismic safety was a part of the body of building knowledge shared by generations of architects and masters of the Modern period who worked throughout the island. Some eyewitnesses of earthquakes realized that history had an essential “functional” role and that the surviving works were an invaluable heritage, related to both the technical and formal aspects of the constructions, to be recovered and optimized for anti-seismic purposes in future works. Sicilian architects and master builders of the 18th century knew the concept of the so-called "crossbow" effect, which is namely the rotary force exerted on facades by the multiplication of the thrusts of internal longitudinal arches, amplified during earthquakes, making them overturn and collapse, as shown by the famous document that rejected the plan for the new facade of the Cathedral of Modica (1761). Likewise this effect however was of interest for the apses built on the opposite side of the facades. They were structures that, as mentioned, were sometimes left unscathed thanks to their particular curvilinear geometry. Many Sicilian apse-shaped facades of the 18th century were built on pre-existing edifices that had been hit by an earthquake to a greater or lesser extent, concealing the link between the earthquake and the design of these structures with regard to the consideration of what had survived in general, to its building quality and materials. The research conducted by Rosario Gagliardi and his followers in the field of inflexed facades is the clearest evidence of the hypotheses hitherto made through the development of plans, which, based on the engraved models already known to historiography, probably leverage the formal peculiarities as further anti-seismic resources.
Settore ICAR/18 - Storia Dell'Architettura
20-mar-2014
L’ABSIDE. Costruzione e geometrie
Ragusa Ibla
20-22 marzo 2014
2014
2015
15
Online
il volume è a cura di Rosario Marco Nobile e Domenica Sutera
Sutera, D. (2015). L’abside in facciata: soluzioni “antisismiche” del XVIII secolo in Sicilia. In L’ABSIDE. Costruzione e geometrie (pp.287-301). Palermo : Edizioni Caracol [10.17401/ABSIDE-SUTERA].
Proceedings (atti dei congressi)
Sutera, D
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Utilizza questo identificativo per citare o creare un link a questo documento: https://hdl.handle.net/10447/167599
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