Climate and Pedoclimate of Italy

In Chap. 2 , the role played by the factors of soil formation in Italy is examined by different authors. Edoardo Costantini, Maria Fantappie´ , and Giovanni L’Abate explore the potential strong influence of climate on soil nature and distribution. In spite of being placed in the middle of the temperate zone of the boreal hemisphere, the elongated shape of the Italian peninsula, stretching along 11 parallels in the middle of the Mediterranean sea, and the presence of two morphological barriers, the Alps and the Apennines, cause great local climatic variations, to an extent that they are much more important than means. In fact, long-term mean annual air temperature for the whole country is 12.6 C and total annual precipitation 932.5 mm, but the differences between minima and maxima span 30 C and 1,800 mm, respectively. Actually, in Italy there are 14 of the 35 climatic regions occurring in Europe. A general climatic change occurred in Italy in the period 1961–2000, with a general reduction of the mean annual precipitations, thenumber of rainy days, and a general increase of the mean air temperatures. The climate change had some influence on soil organic carbon variations, especially in the meadows and arable lands located in areas where a moderate or high decrease of the mean total annual precipitation value (\-100 mm) and a moderate to high increase of mean air temperature ([0.62 C) occurred.